Achieving Cultural Awareness: Through Teaching Slavery

Achieving Cultural Awareness: Through Teaching Slavery What are the benefits of introducing Worldviews when teaching students about Slavery in the United States of America as it relates to cultural awareness? Society has become the social norm for what is culturally right or wrong as it relates to the many diverse cultures in the United States of America. American social-cultural tolerance is founded on the social model that diversity exists and must be accepted, without disparities. I will show that incorporating worldviews during the unit of study involving slavery may promote and encourage cultural awareness. This literature review will provide a comprehension review of the literature relating to the importance of incorporating worldviews with the teaching of Slavery in America. The purpose of introducing worldview into the Common Core State Sstandards is to encourage and promote cultural awareness (Core Standards.org,2017). Todays students need to avoid the error made by the protagonist in the puritan debates of simplifying the position taken by the various figures in the controversy. We also need to avoid interpreting the events in terms to 20th century values. There is no question that the values and concerns of men and women like John Winthrop, Thomas Dudley, Roger Williams, and Anne Hutchinson are different from ours. But focusing on how they sought to define the limits of their society may help us to understand our own struggles to define the limits of acceptable belief and behavior Francis J. Bremer (Bremer,2009-2016). How has society become the social normhas culture diversity influenced it? I think your quote should go after encourager cultural awareness.and your statement after that to support why you are using that quote.its kind of hanging out there. In the social realm, worldview is a term that should be embraced, but many teachers are apprehensive of discussing such topics. The apprehension starts with the lack of resources for strategically implementing the knowledge and fundamentals of worldviews. For one to be culturally aware, one must respect the differences that make everyone so unique. Religion, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, homelessness, bullying, is not going anywhere; teachers can take a stand to start teaching multicultural awareness simply through an incorporation of Worldviews. The literature that was gathered consisted of research studies and articles that specified (specify) the importance of teaching worldviews and slavery. As the researcher, I focused on studies, articles, and books that provided solutions to teaching worldviews and controversial topics. Students cannot embrace diversity when they know nothing about worldviews. The benefit of strategically incorporating worldviews will provide insight, meaning, information, knowledge, and content of slavery and all other monumental historical events. Negative bias will decrease, and academic achievement will increase as students learn about worldviews and slavery together. The term worldview is defined as the framework of beliefs by which a person views the world around him (Hindson Caner, 2008, p. 498). This definition clearly justifies why it is imperative to incorporate worldviews when teaching slavery in America. I like to use any other word than buthowever fits good. Implementing..worldviews concerning what? Diversity with the 21st century due to issues such as globalization has made is so that one has to releases the limiting mindsets such as discrimination if one is to become fully engaged in the changes within the worlds we know it today. The literature gather for this paper consist of studies. (I believe students can better educated and have a better understand of the world they are growing up if they are receive the proper education.) =============== (The benefit of strategically incorporating worldviews is there will be an increase inand an decrease in negative bias.) Question what do you mean by strategically incorporating worldviews? Is it necessary to strategically incorporate teaching of slavery into school curriculum? Or is that to say it should become an active component of the current history system to give a fuller view of World history as well as American history . I thing strategically incorporating does not add the emphasis on accepting your argumentit sounds like you are trying to sneak it in past some opposition. You brought the worldview definition after you used it earlier. I would bring this out earlier if I am defining a term that I will use throughout my writing The Future of Tourism in the UAE: An analysis The Future of Tourism in the UAE: An analysis The Future of Tourism in the UAE Introduction The United Arabs Emirates has recorded significant developments in the recent past in a number of sectors. Travel and Tourism industry, one of the sectors, has since its initiation indicated high significance in the economic developments. Such economic developments have yielded a direct contribution of about 20 percent and consequent 6 percent in the entire GDP and total employment opportunities. Dubai, for instance, has a record of being among the top ten tourism destination cities in the world, fundamentally propelled by the numerous business ventures and leisure activities that are well established. Among other sectors of the economy in UAE, tourism is thriving so well because of the excellent establishments, infrastructure, and landmark projects like the Dubai Mall, Burj Khalifa, and Meydaan racecourse, which are in addition to the marketing initiatives pumped in by the Emirates and DTCM. Existence and continuous success of the travel segment within the Tourism industry has been dependent of the high disposable income generation and an additionally high proportion of available expertise for the outbound travel from the city (Arab News, 2004). During Expo 2020 the tourism can visit many places in country for examples in addition to Dubai tourist places they can also enjoy to visit other places such as Yas Island in Abu Dhabi, Saadyat Island and many places also in Al Ain city. Abu Dhabi Tourism supports and promotes the heritage and culture of Abu Dhabi emirate and leverages them in the development of a world-class, sustainable destination of distinction which enriches the lives of visitors and residents alike. Contemporary Issue in Business The contemporary issues in business come from the ever-changing business and tourist sectors environment. All organizations operating in the UAE, whatever their size and whether in the public or private tourist sector, operate in a frequently changing business environment. Within this change, organizations have the opportunity to improve and grow up. The World Expo 2020 which is going be hold in UAE – Dubai will boost infrastructure in the city and help the growth of the emirate in the long-term. The infrastructure that will be created for Expo 2020 will be of great benefit to Dubai to continue growing by itself into the future (http://gulfnews.com/business/tourism/dubai-to-use-expo-2020). Dubai is enhancing its tourism and trade marketing efforts as it prepares to welcome 20 million visitors annually by 2020, which is underlined in Dubai’s tourism vision for 2020. Research Problem The United Arab Emirates is home to a rich culture heritage that has since time immemorial, been significantly influenced by the resourcefulness of its inhabitants. Through sufficient and effective exploitation of the natural resources, they transformed the harsh environment into a luxurious destination for leisure, business, and other activities. Strong inspirations of the Islam culture, that touches virtually every aspect of its occupants’ daily lives, have advanced the rich Dubais lifestyle specially the Expo 2020. In addition, there are the high levels of hospitality and courtesy that exists among the Arabs, hence leading to the most highly prized of virtues within the Arab World (De Lima, 2009). Significance of Study Life in UAE faces ever-increasing cases of advancing challenges, projected to hinder the wellbeing of its inhabitants, smooth operations of businesses, the ecosystems, justices, and the livelihoods within the surrounding. Among the issue that need re-address are the inadequacies of freshwater for daily human and plants use, poor housing facilities, inadequate number of sufficient health centers that can meet the demands of those living in UAE, and high rates of pollution caused to the environment. Much of these blames are on the tourism industry, held accountable for poor management of international tourists, businesspersons, investors, inhabitants, and local tourists. This study therefore highlights steps put forth by the tourism industry, in conjunction with the local governments to address the prevailing consequences, though with a vision of further promoting the industry for more revenue generation. Research Objectives The main objectives of this project are: To know if the infrastructure that will be created for Expo 2020 would be of great benefit to Dubai to continue growing by itself into the future To find if Expo 2020 can contribute to tourism in the UAE What is the benefits of tourism companies in UAE will get from Expo 2020 To understand through personal observation, the behaviour of residents towards tourism development during Expo 2020 To develop recommendations for tourism plans and policies based on the findings of the study. Research Design This research was carried out using a mixed research approach, in which there were options of choosing more than one research method with which to collect relevant data. As part of the advantages that have been associated with this mixed research approach, it presents numerous characteristics in data collection. One of its main advantages is that by it helps in ensuring internal validity of data because it offers a researcher an opportunity to apply the most appropriate research techniques that best address issues of concern in research, without the limitation of a research to only one research method. For this study, there was an application of combined qualitative and quantitative research techniques. In this project the research design will be depends upon data collection from different tourism organization. Research instruments Research of this nature, where there is the use of both primary and secondary data collection procedures, requires that a researcher make good use of instruments, which acts as a tool for collecting data from respondents. In the correct study, the use of research instrument having recognized that there were both qualitative and quantitative data to be collected and promptly analysed to reach the best conclusion. Interview An effective accomplishment of field data collection was realized with the use of interview questionnaire surveys between April 2014 and May 2014 in UAE. The questionnaire with a cover letter describing the purpose of the study was presented to the stakeholders in the case sector, a few tourists, and the local residents in UAE, with a request that the chief executive officers, directors, coordinators, managers or individuals. For non-response samples, an enquiry was made and the major reasons cited were lack of interest, confidentiality, the in-charge person was out of the office, or corporate policy was never to disclose information. Despite the comparatively low respondent rates, which are typical for interview surveys, the number of responses was sufficient enough for the purpose of this exploratory study was conducted. Secondary Sources Under the secondary sources, quantitative study was significant. A researcher is required to engage in authenticated document researches, which are more of a secondary data collection approach, to seek answers to some parts of the research questions and research objectives. A document research was delivered in a way that involves the researcher in gaining direct access to very vital and important UAE and tourism documents that have to do with information on the predetermined outcome of the tourism industries. Geographical Area The United Arab Emirates geography includes the location of the country, the demography and the climate. Located in the Middle East and situated between Oman and Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates outlines the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf (http://www.mapsofworld.com/UAE/geography/). The geographical alignment of United Arab Emirates determines the climatic condition of the country. Located in 24 00 degree North and 54 00 degree East, the country enjoys a sub-tropical climate with extremely hot and humid conditions. United Arab Emirates Mountains make the geography of the country all the more beautiful. Mountains in United Arab Emirates make the highest point in the country. Roads, which help in transport and communication, are built along the mountainsides. Sample Size For the purpose of the study we have decided to select 50 sample sizes from the population of study. Sampling Method Sampling is the process by which inference is made to the whole by examining a part. The purpose of sampling is to provide various types of statistical information of a qualitative or quantitative nature about the whole by examining a few selected units. The samplingmethodis the scientific procedure of selecting those sampling units which would provide the required estimates with associated margins of uncertainty, arising from examining only a part and not the whole. In this research we decided to select a sample by using simple random sampling (SRS) method. Data Collection Method To examine the future tourism in the UAE the researcher made up to use the interview method in addressing issued faced by the tourism industry in UAE was accomplished through a number of instruments. For the purpose of the study we have decided to collect the data through questionnaire and interview methods. Data Analysis The collected data would be analyzed by using statistical software called SPSS Timeline References Arab News. (2004). UAE minister tells officials to face globalization challenges. Arab News. (2009). Saudi outfits ready to face Asian professional league rivals. De Lima, J. A. (2009). â€Å"Managing change: Winning minds and hearts, balanced scorecard reports†. Harvard Business Review, 11(1). Goold, M., Campbell, A. (2002). Designing effective organizations: How to create structured networks. SanFrancisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Heilpern, J. D., Nadler, D. A. (1992). Implementing Total Quality Management: A process of cultural change. Kanter, R. M. (2003). Leadership for changes: Enduring skills for change masters. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review. Kegan, R., Lahey, L. L. (2001). Real reasons people will not change. Harvard Business Review, 79(10). Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press 1 | Page

Parisian Department Store :: essays research papers

The Parisian Department store in Birmingham, Alabama clearly needs to rethink their sales strategies to maximize profits. The management specifically needs to take a look at whether the new pay program achieves its intended effect of cutting costs while driving sales and how this would affect the company as a whole. The company should look at whether this program would be enough fix the problem, or does Jones need to implement more drastic measures? The first major issue was taking a look at HR issues and other related business issues that Parisian faced before they implemented the pay adjustments. As the case studies mentions, Parisian sold high merchandise, highly personalized service, high commitment to caring for its employees and communities of businesses. Jones?f goal is to raise the performance of the store and restore it to its former reputation as an upscale retailer. ISSUES: 1. Parisians payroll expenses in 2003 were 8.6% which was higher than those at comparable sister business within SDSG. 2. Hourly pay at Parisians was 12.18 and Carson paid an average of 9.54 an hour. 3. Selling costs buildup did not work because it only temporarily fixed the issue at hand. A huge issue with Parisian is that their pay system is extremely complicated when it does not have to be. Currently there are three forms of pay: base pay only, base plus commission, and commission only. The cosmetics selling cost is also an issue because cosmetics only bring in 15% of sales, but they spend 22% on payroll sales because of the expertise needed as well as the need to have a body in the bay at all times when you sign the agreement with the vendor. Taking a look at Chart B should this very theory, Parisian shows a net sales of cosmetics of 100 M which is compared to Carson?fs 250M and there people at Parisian get paid more an hour (14 versus 12). It does not make sense for a store that brings in a lot less to pay their people more. The case further explains that the high volume salespeople are paid at high commission rates and sometimes that rate can exceed selling cost benchmark. The stores with the ?gsacred cows?h were costing them a fortune have- specifically 14% sell ing cost. Table C shows that there were certain stores that were not able to have as many employees cover the floor because they had large payroll expenses.

Book Review – Servant Leader

As I started reading this book I couldn’t help but feel a sense of deja vu. Why were the thoughts and ideas being shared so familiar? Then I realized something, much like the author’s recollection of what his grandmother said. Many of these ideas were things that I had heard from my parents when I was growing up. I cannot count the number of times my father has encouraged me to be myself and true to myself and follow the right path regardless of the adversities that might come my way.Or the number of times my mother has asked me to see others as I would want them to see me and accept others for who they are. After all there is a reason why everyone isn’t alike, it would be real boring if you were to turn around and all you’d see were reflections of yourself. Why is it then that I (we) needed a book to remind me (us) of things that could be just basic common sense?Unfortunately years and years of school and college followed up with years of working in a dog -eat-dog environment has conditioned to not think about these basic things. We are trained to run as fast as we can for if we slow down someone else might take our place, we concentrate so much on running that we forget to stop and slow down once in a while to notice the important things. This book serves to remind us of the basics, to show that it is not always about win-lose, it helps us take what is common sense and helps us make it common practice.There were many things I learned from this book, but there are a few concepts that stand out. I quote the author â€Å"Leadership begins on the inside with self-awareness and self esteem and the process of leadership involves regular and intense reflection and introspection†. The order of responsibility for a servant leader should be; 1. the employee involved, 2. the affected employees and finally 3. the organization. I believe the â€Å"regenerative circle of prosperity† is a great thought.This is where the customer, the sales associate, the vendors/suppliers and the stockholders are all in a loop and mutually connected. The customer gets a quality product at a good price, the sales associate has the personal and financial gains of making a sale, the vendors get a good price for these supplies from the company and the stockholders get good returns. The returns can be reinvested to research better products for the customers and the loop continues.Finally the concept of loyalty is also handled and treated very well in the book. The author’s interpretation of the word that makes so much sense in today’s environment. I quote the author again; â€Å"Loyalty, for an employee is simply doing the job that is agreed upon and doing it to the best of one’s ability with honestly and integrity. It is being sensitive to, and acting in, the best interest of the organization, colleagues and peers†. I will carry the insights from this book throughout my career.

Intergenerational Conflict in Shakespeare - 1419 Words

Intergenerational conflict has been an ongoing issue in literature, and real life. We see intergenerational conflict in Emily Bronte’s â€Å"Wuthering Heights†, William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet†, and even in modern literature like Annemarie MacDonald’s â€Å"Fall on Your Knees†. More specifically, in Shakespeare’s plays we are introduced to many different forms of conflict. One of the most prominent is intergenerational conflict, especially in â€Å"Romeo amp; Juliet†, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, and â€Å"I Henry IV†. Examples of intergenerational conflict in these plays include Romeo’s defiance of his parents, Juliet’s conflict with her father, Hermia’s paternal conflicts, and King Henry’s disappointment with his son, Hal. Firstly, Romeo’s defiance and†¦show more content†¦Egeus request to put his daughter to death if she does not obey his wishes, which e xercises a higher form of control than Capulet’s threat of disownment. His wish is shown when he asks Theseus â€Å"I beg the ancient privilege of Anthens:/ As she is mine, I may dispose of her, Which shall be either to this gentleman/ Or to her death, according to our law† (I.i.41-4). However, unlike the ending in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, Hermia’s disobedience of her father’s wishes ends in happiness instead of the death of both lovers. Lastly, the tense relationship between Hal and his father, King Henry IV is also a Shakespearean example of intergenerational conflict. Hal’s upbringing shows similarities with the tale of the prodigal son, which was popular in the medieval time period. Hal is a disappointment to his father, which we learn when King Henry tells Westmorland that he envies the Percy family for having such a noble and honorable son: Whilst I, by looking on the praise of him, See riot and dishonor stain the brow Of my young Harry. O, that it could be proved That some night-tripping fairy had exchanged In cradle-clothes our children where they lay, And called mine â€Å"Percy,† his â€Å"Plantagenet†! (I.i.83-8). Though Hal freely associates with robbers, prostitutes, and highwaymen, he has plans to transform himself into a noble prince, which would consequently win back the praise and acceptance of his father. We see his plans to change when Hal states the following: â€Å"So when thisShow MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet : Adulthood, Power, And The Lack Thereof1513 Words   |  7 Pagessomething that will happen much later. While it is easy to assume that this seemingly premature marriage stems from youthful impulsiveness, Luhrmann complicates this notion completely. The director portrays youth in the film as being one half of an intergenerational power struggle which isolates them and pushes them to try to act like adults in order to gain power. One straightforward manifestation of this is the attempt to gain independence. Early in the film we see Romeo totally avoiding his parents.Read MoreThe Eradication Of The Sub Group2454 Words   |  10 Pagestoday, functional communities are severely hampered by the movement of families from communities due to economic stress as well as the role of the media within the values of the community. In turn, these conflicts cause dysfunctional communities to arise characterized by their lack of intergenerational closure. Education plays a major role in this as well, if individuals are not afforded an opportunity to change their situation and become upwardly mobile individuals because of their socioeconomic statusRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDecision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management

Vinsun, An Indian Civil Engineering Company Case Study

Introduction With the significantly increasing demand of electrical and civil services of the country resulting from the urbanization of India, VINSUN, an Indian civil engineering company, has expanded rapidly to meet market demand. Due to the growth of the company, VINSUN has experienced problems, such as information overloading and lack of accessibility to data when needed; VINSUN needs a data management system to manage their business information. The existing information management system is not well set up to fulfill VINSUN’s needed. Employees currently save their work on their local computers while VINSUN has unconnected workstations; it requires enormous effort to gather all data needed every time when there is a project. Sunil†¦show more content†¦Besides, security is another element that VINSUN has to be aware of. Business information and data are always company’s most valuable assets. VINSUN has to make sure that the system offers a sufficient level of security to prevent leakage of data stored on the servers. Lastly, VINSUN should also take the past experience of the solutions into account. A new data management system is a large investment to VINSUN; the company would want to a smooth and successful implementation, or otherwise there will be tremendous amount of resources, time and money wasted. Therefore, an experienced program would be beneficial. Alternatives VINSUN has decided to adopt an ERP solution that the company determined will be the best resolution to help them in better management of their valuable data with the integration feature of ERP. There are 3 alternatives that the company is considering based on the pros and cons of each of the programs, given that functionality and cost-effectiveness are the main focusing components, followed by ease of use, security and risk, and records of successful implementation. Bluechip Corporation ERP on premise In terms of functionality, Bluechip’s ERP on premise system offers comprehensive features that perfectly meet VINSUN’s needs. As a primary provider of ERP solutions, this program has the history of successful implementation that the risk of investment is low. However, it has high initial setup and ongoing maintenance costs of

Deforestation of the Pacific Northwest - 1216 Words

Deforestation of the Pacific Northwest One of the most controversial areas associated with the global problem of deforestation is the Pacific Northwest of the US. The problem can be broken down into several issues that all tie in together. These include the near extinction of the Northern Spotted Owl, the business aspect of logging versus the environmental aspect, and the role of the government in this problem. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was passed. This enabled the Dept. of Commerce and Dept. of the Interior to place species, either land or marine, as either threatened or endangered. Under these terms species could no longer be hunted, collected, injured or killed. The northern spotted owl falls under the more†¦show more content†¦Guest speaker Jerry Howe would fall into this category as a private land owner. As a land steward, he believes he can do what he wants with his land. The term steward is used to mean that no one can truly own the land, it can only be used or under the care of a person. He uses clear-cutting when it has the smallest effect on the environment, he also uses strip cutting in which the forest is cut in strips to provide a buffer zone and is more aesthetically pleasing. His methods are better for the forest due to conservative forestry practices that speed up the regeneration of the forest. This produces a more sustainable yield than clear-cutting alone. While neither of these techniques is good for the environment, using wise management practices can still produce a large profit while conserving precious ecosystems. For large companies, such as Pacific Lumber, to switch to using conservative forestry practices would take more than proposals by environmentalists and the Forest Service to help the environment to change their current ways. For these companies to switch, it would cost them money to follow the more sustainable approach while also decreasing their profit due to less tree cutting in the short-term. In my opinion, it is up to the government to set standards that force these companies to switch by making regulations more strict as well as a greater number of them if need be. The roleShow MoreRelatedEssay Deforestation of The Pacific Northwest1212 Words   |  5 Pages Deforestation of the Pacific Northwest One of the most controversial areas associated with the global problem of deforestation is the Pacific Northwest of the US. The problem can be broken down into several issues that all tie in together. These include the near extinction of the Northern Spotted Owl, the business aspect of logging versus the environmental aspect, and the role of the government in this problem. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was passed. This enabledRead MoreEvolution Of The Declining Salmon Populations1672 Words   |  7 Pagesto the impact overfishing has on the salon populations (Ruckelshaus et al., 2002, pp. 679). Every year, around 385,000 metric tons of Pacific salmon are caught by commercial fisherman and with weak stock conditions, the natural life cycle of these fish cannot keep up (Knapp, 2007). Hydropower refers to the dams that currently block many rivers in the Pacific Northwest that prevent salmon from reaching or returning from their native spawning grounds (Gore and Doerr, 2000, pp. 40-41). This means thatRead MoreWhat Effect Does Deforestation Have On The World?1553 Words   |  7 PagesWhat effect does deforestation have on the world? Many people believe that deforestation has a negative impact on the world because it stops carbon dioxide in take (how trees take carbon dioxide from air to purify the oxygen), causes soil erosion and destroys habitats for many species, however many do not as it supplies jobs for thousands of people, it helps environments in particular places and frees land for grazing animals and houses. Firstly, it allows thousands of people to have jobs to earnRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Deforestation in Ecuador1118 Words   |  5 Pagestechnological breakthroughs, there have been many positive ecological impacts, but the negative impacts are almost overwhelming. A Perfect example would be the deforestation of our rain forests. Ecuador is located on the equator in the tropical Andes of South America. Its territory includes four principal regions: the Amazon, the Andes, the Pacific Coast, and the Galapagos Islands; and is home to at least 14 indigenous nationalities. The eastern half of the country makes up part Earth’s largest and mostRead MoreNotes On The Great Lakes1765 Words   |  8 PagesMexico, Arizona, and western Texas 6) The Pacific Coast †¢ Inhibited by hunter-gatherers †¢ Before the Spanish arrived, more than 300000 people lived in California ÃŽ ¿ Divided into small local groups with at least a hundred of distinct languages (though these societies mostly remained independent and separate from other societies, similarity existed, which included hierarchy, gathering seeds, catching fish and shells, and hunting games) ÃŽ ¿ In the Pacific Northwest, people were also divided into groups withRead MoreEssay about Management of Old-growth Forests in the Pacific Northwest2800 Words   |  12 PagesManagement of Old-growth Forests in the Pacific Northwest When westward expansion brought settlers to the Northwest in the 1800s, they discovered that coniferous trees â€Å"forty feet in circumference [that] shot two-hundred feet straight up† flourished in the forests of the Pacific coast (Ervin 55). These early pioneers found the opportunity for economic growth in logging these vast forests of towering trees unlike any they had seen before. Today, the timber industry still remains the backboneRead MoreThe Endangered Species Act By President Richard Nixon1461 Words   |  6 Pagesnorthern spotted owl dwells in the forests of California, Oregon, and Washington. These luscious trees in their forest have also become a major source or timber for a multi-billion dollar logging industry. Due to the excessive amount of deforestation in the Pacific Northwest, there are only 2,000 pairs of northern spotted owls to this day. The logging companies are now interdicted to cut down any more than sixty percent of any land that is within a 1.3 mile radius of a nesting spotted owl (Andre VelasquezRead MoreIndustrialization of Hemp: An Alternative Resource 535 Words   |  2 Pagesand paper, while the scenes were used for protein rich food and feed(Parade 13). Industrial hemp was one of our ancestor’s most useful crops, but even though they use it all the time it was soon outlawed. In addition to providing a solution to deforestation industrial hemp can provide solutions to other environmental problems. The fight for more gasoline in the world around us continues. Industrial hemp me provide a solution in the future to that problem. Cannabis sativa, known as industrial hempRead MoreRenewable Energy Is Not The Answer978 Words   |  4 PagesHydroelectric dams are harmful to the habitats of many fish. For example, the Bonneville Power Administration has an expensive program of capturing fish and moving them around its Columbia River dams. Their goal is to recover and preserve the Pacific Northwest Salmon. This creates a huge cost to fisheries and causes many environmentalists to support â€Å"non-hydro renewables† (Langwith). Biofuels have been suggested as a means to supplement these sources of renewable energy. Nevertheless, there is notRead MoreFormula For Success : Rise Early, Work Hard, Strike Oil ( J. Paul Getty ) Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagesentrepreneurs to sell canned air. In addition, Chyna’s pollution is causing a change in strength, frequency, temperature, and levels of contamination with the cyclones over the Pacific Ocean, spreading all the way to the Western United States. This process has led an increase of 7 percent overall precipitation over the Northwest Pacific. Concrete data result determined that this particular matter is producing a regional greenhouse effect, which is causing a climate change. Chyna is not all to blame; the

Civilian Oversight and the LAPD free essay sample

Los Angles, and Washington, DC. Since that time, the Cleveland oversight movement has not lost any momentum. Indeed, over one hundred different oversight boards exist, covering law enforcement agencies that serve nearly one-third of the American population (ICP, 2000). According to Police Chief Magazine, about eighty-percent of the nations largest agencies have some form of civilian oversight (Barrow, 2003). It Is Interesting to note, today, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (ICP) lauds the implementation of civilian oversight.Conversely, forty years ago when the notion f civilian oversight was initially proposed, the ICP was one of its most vehement opponents. In a critique oaf Harvard Law Review article regarding police review boards, the ICP wrote, [citizen oversight] Is so violated of sound administrative concept as to be untenable. Any attempt of private groups to superimpose a police review board lends itself to the impairment of government through vigilantism, harassment, and usurpation of the legally constituted law enforcement personnel (Nacelle, 1965, p. ). So strong was the contempt for the Idea, LAP Chief Davis went so far as to call Cleveland oversight, the offspring of the communist conspiracy (Nacelle, 1965, p. 1). To be fair, during the same timeshare, the other side of the aisle was Justas contentious. In the book, Law Enforcement: The Matter of Redress, published shortly after the Watts riots in 1965, the UCLA called for public hearings of police officers accused of misconduct, where the complainant (or other interested parties) could cross-examine the officer (1969, p. 13).Clearly, it is not a communist -conspiracy to allow members of the public to participate in the implant process. Nor is advocating public witch trials of police officers alleged of misconduct the answer. While cooler heads may have prevailed, the debate over the value of civilian oversight continues. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to consider the role of civilian oversight in policing, examine its effectiveness, and the inherent problems associated with Investigating oversight agencies, in particular how sustain rates affect client oversight agencies.Civilian Oversight While there is no denying that the conversation over citizen oversight is worthwhile, before any discussion can take place, we must first define what civilian oversight 1 is. Although oversight allows various means of civilian involvement (as noted by Samuel Walker), most civilian oversight mechanisms have been particularly concerned with complaints against the police (2001 In fact, the legal definition of civilian oversight is, a municipal body composed of civilian representatives charged 1 OFF misconduct by police officers (Legal Dictionary Online, 2011).As with most legal definitions however, interpretation is key. In this instance, in regards to police policy orientation, what does citizens charged with the investigation mean? In other words, what is the role of citizen oversight? Role of Oversight in Policing While the nature of civilian involvement in the complaints process varies substantially between oversight agencies, as already noted, the role of civilian oversight is most oftentimes focused with complaints. However, the nature of how oversight is implemented varies between oversight agencies. According to Samuel Walker, four types of oversight are most common: Citizen Review Board: This type of oversight system is comprised wholly of civilians, and is given full responsibility for achieving and investigating complaints. If the complaint is sustained, the board submits recommendations for disciplinary or policy action. Police Review/Citizen Oversight: Under this type of oversight system, Police Officers receive, review, and investigate complaints. Any subsequent disciplinary or policy recommendations are also made by police officers.Oversight is limited too civilian (or a board of civilians) overseeing and/or reviewing the complaint investigation and findings. Police Review/ Citizen-police Appeal Board: Under this type of oversight system, complaints are viewed and investigated by police officers within their departments Internal Affairs division (DAD). If substantiated, AD will make recommendations to the Chief of Police. Complainants not satisfied with the outcome of the investigation can appeal to the oversight agency for a review.Independent Civilian Auditor: Under this type of oversight, police departments still investigate complaints, but an independent citizen auditor is assigned to review the departments complaint process. Once the audit has concluded, the auditor submits their findings and recommendations as needed. Additionally, some Auditors (such as those used in the City of Los Angles) have been authorized to review the practices and procedures used by the department. For instance, the Los Angles Police Commission recently assigned an independent auditor after receiving complaints that patrol cars were parking in red zones during non-emergency calls.Obviously, there are examples of civilian oversight agencies that do not fit neatly into one category or another. Many agencies could (and have), adopted hybrid versions of the above mechanisms as a means of resolving citizen complaints. For instance, interestingly, some agencies, such as the Los Angles Sheriffs Department, voluntarily requested oversight to review their policies and practices in a proactive attempt to mitigate risk of misconduct. While at the other end of the spectrum, a federal Judge mandated that the Los Angles Police Department be monitored as part of its consent decree following the Rafael Perez scandal.Effectiveness While the issue of whether cities should establish some form of citizen oversight may have already been settled, what remains to be answered is, are these oversight agencies effective? Given that the basic function of an oversight body is to receive and investigate complaints, determine their legitimacy, and impose sanctions, the obvious measure of effectiveness would be, does civilian oversight ensure a greater reception and a higher quality investigation of complaints, hence the likelihood of an increased sustain rate.While there is no shortage of academic literature or opinion s upport their claims. In fact, according to Mohr, in her study on performance indicators for civilian oversight, the only published study to scientifically evaluate the verbal effectiveness of an individual civilian oversight agency is Burdens Evaluating citizen oversight of police. (Mohr, 2007, p. 21) One explanation for the lack of empirical data is the multitude of variables that may be involved (e. G. What type of complaint was received (serious of frivolous), who received it, how was it received, etc. . As Samuel Walker points out, it is extremely difficult to Judge whether the sustain rate of complaints is different with or without oversight, because oversight may impact the kind of complaints received (2001). For these reasons, Perez, in his kook, Common Sense About Police Review, offers three indices that may be better suited for measuring the effectiveness of civilian oversight (1994). Integrity Legitimacy Learning Perez argues, since the majority of review systems focus on complaints, in essence, civilian oversight agencies are adjudicative bodies (p. 2). As such, the first manner in which to Judge the effectiveness of civilian oversight is not to look at sustain rates, but to consider its adjudicative function, specifically the Integrity of the system is the system fair, thorough, and objective (p. 72). For instance, rather than asking if he mechanism makes it easier to file complaints or predicts increased findings of police misconduct, the better questions to ask are, Was the complainant given an opportunity to voice their concern? Was the amount of evidence collected appropriate?Were the officers treated fairly and legally? Were the findings objective? Because complaints regarding the police are most oftentimes highly emotionally charged the complainants (and the police) notion of fairness and objectivity is usually directly related to the outcome of the complaint. Hence, since most complaints are not sustained (by any kind of review mechanism), most implants are not satisfied with the oversight mechanism. Consequently, Perez s uccessfully argues that along with integrity, any evaluation of effectiveness should be balanced with legitimacy (p. 74).Legitimacy is directly related to the publics perception of both the oversight agency and the police. A community must have faith in the legitimacy of its public institutions, particularly the police. Without community-based support, no modern police organization could maintain order in mass society. (p. 75). Because the legitimacy of the complaints process (and the law enforcement institution as a whole), lives and dies on the perception of the complainant and the public, it is imperative that the public view the actions of the oversight agency as rigorous and transparent.History reminds us, when misconduct causes the community to lose its trust in the police, the perception of malpractice ultimately becomes more important than the actual amount of real abuse. If the perception (fanned by the media), is that the oversight agency is lacking or secretive, it can easily lose its legitimacy. Given its extreme importance, how then does one measure an institutions legitimacy? As part of its community-based policing program, the oversight body (or the police agency) could initiate surveys of public confidence, or conduct exit-interviews of both the complainants and police officers.